@font-face{font-family:Plex;src:url('/assets/fonts/ibm-plex-sans-400.woff2') format('woff2');font-display:swap;font-weight:400}@font-face{font-family:Plex;src:url('/assets/fonts/ibm-plex-sans-600.woff2') format('woff2');font-display:swap;font-weight:600}@font-face{font-family:Mono;src:url('/assets/fonts/ibm-plex-mono-400.woff2') format('woff2');font-display:swap}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;color:#121417;background:#faf9f5;font:18px/1.65 Plex,Arial,sans-serif}a{color:inherit;text-underline-offset:4px}a:hover{color:#a42b24}a:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,pre:focus-visible,table:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #b22f27;outline-offset:5px}.wrap{width:min(1200px,calc(100% - 48px));margin-inline:auto}header{border-bottom:1px solid #cbc6bc}.masthead{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding-block:16px;gap:24px}header nav{display:flex;gap:24px}header nav a{padding-block:10px}h1,h2,h3{font-weight:600;line-height:1.12;letter-spacing:-.035em;overflow-wrap:anywhere}h1{font-size:clamp(2.4rem,5.2vw,4.8rem);max-width:19ch;margin:28px 0}h2{font-size:clamp(1.6rem,3vw,2.2rem);margin-top:2.4rem}h3{font-size:1.4rem;margin-top:2rem}.lede{font-size:clamp(1.15rem,2vw,1.4rem);max-width:65ch;color:#45443f}.eyebrow,.byline,.breadcrumb{font-size:.85rem}.eyebrow{color:#9c2923;letter-spacing:.02em}.breadcrumb{padding-block:24px;overflow-wrap:anywhere;color:#55534b}.byline{margin-bottom:28px}.reading{max-width:850px;margin-inline:auto}.reading h1{font-size:clamp(2.3rem,4.7vw,4rem);max-width:23ch}.article-body{max-width:72ch;margin-inline:auto}.article-body p,.article-body li{overflow-wrap:anywhere}.article-body h2{padding-top:28px;border-top:1px solid #cec9bf}.article-body ul,.article-body ol{padding-left:24px}.article-body li{margin-block:8px}figure{margin:36px 0 48px}figure img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;border:1px solid #d6d0c4}figcaption{font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.5;color:#57554e;margin-top:10px}pre{overflow:auto;background:#e8e4db;padding:24px;border-left:3px solid #b22f27;font-size:.8rem;max-width:100%}code{font-family:Mono,monospace;font-size:.88em}table{border-collapse:collapse;display:block;overflow-x:auto;max-width:100%;font-size:.9rem}th,td{border:1px solid #c5bfb3;padding:12px;min-width:100px}blockquote{border-left:3px solid #b22f27;margin:24px 0;padding-left:24px}.topics{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 20px;border-block:1px solid #c5bfb3;padding-block:24px;margin-block:32px}.topics a{padding-block:8px}.article-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));column-gap:40px;margin-block:36px}.article-grid article{padding:24px 0 32px;border-top:1px solid #bcb6aa}.article-grid h2{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.article-grid p{font-size:1rem}.article-grid .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem}.pagination{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-block:48px}.pagination a{display:grid;place-items:center;min-width:44px;min-height:44px;border:1px solid #bcb6aa;text-decoration:none}.pagination [aria-current=page]{background:#121417;color:#faf9f5}.topic-links{font-size:.9rem;border-block:1px solid #c5bfb3;padding:20px 0;margin:32px 0}.cta{background:#121417;color:#faf9f5;padding:32px;margin-block:56px}.cta h2{margin-top:0}.cta a:hover{color:#fff}.button{display:inline-block;background:#121417;color:#faf9f5;padding:14px 20px;text-decoration:none}.cta .button{background:#faf9f5;color:#121417}.cta .button:hover{background:#e7e4db;color:#121417}.cta p:last-child{font-size:.85rem}.search{margin-block:32px;padding:24px;background:#e8e4db}.search label{display:block;font-weight:600}.search input{width:100%;max-width:650px;font:inherit;padding:12px;border:1px solid #77736a;background:#fff;margin-top:12px}.result{padding:12px 0;border-top:1px solid #bcb6aa}.result a{font-weight:600;display:block;padding-block:8px}footer{border-top:1px solid #bcb6aa;padding-block:32px;margin-top:80px;font-size:.9rem}.skip{position:absolute;top:-100px;left:16px;background:#121417;color:#fff;padding:12px;z-index:10}.skip:focus{top:8px}.portrait{max-width:340px;width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.related{border-top:1px solid #bcb6aa;margin-top:48px}.pillar{border-left:3px solid #b22f27;padding-left:20px}img{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:850px){.article-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px}.wrap{width:calc(100% - 32px)}header nav{gap:16px}}@media(max-width:560px){.article-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}.masthead{gap:12px}.masthead img{width:100px;height:auto}header nav{gap:12px;font-size:.9rem}.cta{padding:24px}h1{max-width:100%}figure{margin-block:28px}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}}

/* Editorial discovery: asymmetric lead, open reading lists, quiet navigation. */
:root{--paper:#faf9f5;--ink:#121417;--accent:#e8342a;--rule:#cbc6bc;--muted:#55534b}
[hidden]{display:none!important}.masthead{padding-block:10px}.masthead img{width:125px;height:auto}header nav a{text-decoration:none;font-size:.95rem}header nav a:hover,header nav a:focus-visible{text-decoration:underline}.breadcrumb{padding-block:20px;font-size:.8rem;max-width:85ch}.collection-heading{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr 1fr;gap:0 60px;align-items:end;padding:12px 0 28px}.collection-heading .eyebrow{grid-column:1/-1;margin:0 0 12px;font-family:Mono,monospace;font-size:.75rem}.collection-heading h1{font-size:clamp(2.25rem,4.1vw,3.7rem);margin:0;max-width:20ch;line-height:1.04}.collection-heading .lede{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.65;margin:0;max-width:49ch}.section-label{font: .75rem/1.5 Mono,monospace;letter-spacing:.05em;padding:12px 0;border-top:2px solid var(--ink)}.section-label:before{content:'';display:inline-block;width:7px;height:7px;background:var(--accent);margin-right:10px}.editorial-selection:has(.lead-story:only-child){margin-bottom:32px}.feature-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.8fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:0 40px}.story{min-width:0}.story-media{display:block;overflow:hidden;background:#ebe8df;align-self:start}.story-image{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover}.story-title{margin:8px 0 12px;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.025em}.story-title a{text-decoration:none}.story-title a:hover,.story-title a:focus-visible{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1.5px;text-underline-offset:5px}.story-meta{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--muted);margin:16px 0 8px}.story-meta span{white-space:nowrap}.story-description{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.65;margin:0;color:#45443f}.lead-story{grid-row:span 2}.lead-story .story-image{aspect-ratio:16/9}.lead-story .story-title{font-size:clamp(1.8rem,2.6vw,2.6rem);max-width:26ch}.lead-story .story-description{max-width:62ch}.secondary-story{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 128px;gap:0 20px;align-content:start;padding:0 0 24px}.secondary-story+.secondary-story{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:24px}.secondary-story .story-media{grid-column:2;grid-row:1}.secondary-story .story-copy{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.secondary-story .story-meta{margin-top:0}.secondary-story .story-meta span{display:block}.secondary-story .story-title{font-size:1.35rem}.secondary-story .story-description{font-size:.9rem}.need-nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));margin:48px 0 56px;border-block:1px solid var(--ink)}.need-nav a{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;padding:24px 20px;text-decoration:none;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.5}.need-nav a:first-child{padding-left:0}.need-nav a+a{border-left:1px solid var(--rule)}.need-number{font:.7rem Mono,monospace;color:#9c2923}.need-nav strong{font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:600}.need-nav strong span{color:#9c2923}.need-nav a:hover strong,.need-nav a:focus-visible strong{text-decoration:underline}.archive-heading{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;border-top:2px solid var(--ink);padding-top:18px}.archive-heading h2{font-size:1.75rem;margin:0}.archive-heading>span{font: .75rem Mono,monospace;color:var(--muted)}.editorial-archive{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:0 48px;margin-top:16px}.editorial-archive .archive-story{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 120px;gap:20px;align-content:start;padding:28px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.editorial-archive .text-story{display:block}.archive-story .story-media{grid-column:2;grid-row:1}.archive-story .story-copy{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.editorial-archive .story-title{font-size:1.4rem;margin:8px 0 12px}.editorial-archive .story-meta{margin:0}.editorial-archive .story-description{font-size:.95rem}.search{padding:16px 0;margin:0;background:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.search-control{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px}.search label{font-size:.9rem;white-space:nowrap}.search input{margin:0;max-width:430px;font-size:1rem;padding:10px 14px;border:1px solid #77736a;background:transparent;border-radius:0;min-width:0}.search button{min-height:44px;padding:8px 12px;font:inherit;font-size:.9rem;color:var(--ink);background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--rule);cursor:pointer}.search button:hover{background:#e8e4db}.search button:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #b22f27;outline-offset:4px}#search-status:empty{display:none}#search-status{font-size:.95rem;margin-bottom:0}.search-result{padding:20px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);max-width:75ch}.search-result h3{font-size:1.3rem;margin:4px 0 8px}.search-result a{text-decoration:none}.search-result a:hover,.search-result a:focus-visible{text-decoration:underline}.search-result p{font-size:1rem;margin:8px 0}.search-result .story-meta{font-size:.8rem}.theme-directory{margin-top:64px}.theme-directory h2{font-size:1.6rem}.topics{padding-block:16px;margin-block:24px}.topics a{font-size:.95rem;text-decoration:none}.topics a:hover,.topics a:focus-visible{text-decoration:underline}.pillar{font-size:1rem;margin:0 0 28px}.reading{max-width:1140px;display:flow-root}.reading>h1,.reading>.lede,.reading>.byline,.reading>.eyebrow{max-width:900px;margin-left:252px}.reading>h1{font-size:clamp(2.15rem,4.4vw,3.65rem);line-height:1.08;max-width:24ch;margin-top:18px;margin-bottom:20px}.reading>.lede{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6}.reading>.eyebrow{margin-block:20px 0}.reading>.topic-links{margin:24px 0 28px 252px;font-size:.85rem;padding:14px 0}.reading .article-body{max-width:68ch;margin:0 0 0 252px}.reading>.related,.reading>.cta{margin-left:252px}.reading .article-body>p:first-of-type{font-size:1.13rem}.reading .article-body h2{font-size:1.9rem;line-height:1.2;scroll-margin-top:24px}.reading .article-body h3{line-height:1.3}.contents{float:left;position:sticky;top:24px;width:212px;margin:0 40px 32px 0;font-size:.8rem;max-height:calc(100vh - 48px);overflow:auto;border-top:2px solid var(--ink)}.contents summary{font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;padding:14px 0;min-height:44px;font-size:.9rem}.contents nav{display:grid;gap:0;padding-bottom:12px}.contents a{display:block;padding:9px 0;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.45;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.contents a:hover,.contents a:focus-visible{text-decoration:underline;color:#9c2923}.reading .editorial-hero{margin-top:28px}.reading .editorial-hero img{max-height:440px;object-fit:contain;background:#f0ede6}.reading .editorial-hero figcaption{font-size:.9rem}.author.reading{max-width:850px}.author.reading>h1,.author.reading>.lede,.author.reading>.eyebrow{margin-left:0}footer a{display:inline-block;min-height:44px;padding-block:8px}
@media(min-width:901px){.theme-directory .topics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}.editorial-selection:has(.lead-story:only-child) .feature-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr}.editorial-selection:has(.lead-story:only-child) .lead-story{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.15fr 1fr;gap:40px;align-items:center}.editorial-selection:has(.lead-story:only-child) .story-meta{margin-top:0}}
@media(max-width:1100px){.secondary-story{grid-template-columns:1fr 92px;gap:14px}.secondary-story .story-title{font-size:1.25rem}.secondary-story .story-description{font-size:.85rem}.editorial-archive{gap:0 32px}.editorial-archive .archive-story{grid-template-columns:1fr 92px;gap:16px}.reading>h1,.reading>.lede,.reading>.byline,.reading>.eyebrow{margin-left:220px}.reading>.topic-links,.reading .article-body,.reading>.related,.reading>.cta{margin-left:220px}.contents{width:188px;margin-right:32px}}
@media(max-width:900px){.collection-heading{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}.collection-heading .lede{max-width:65ch}.feature-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px}.lead-story{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.25fr 1fr;gap:24px;align-items:center}.lead-story .story-title{font-size:2rem}.lead-story .story-meta{margin-top:0}.secondary-story,.secondary-story+.secondary-story{display:block;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:20px}.secondary-story .story-media{float:right;width:90px;margin:0 0 12px 16px}.secondary-story .story-meta span{display:inline}.secondary-story .story-description{font-size:.95rem}.secondary-story .story-title{font-size:1.4rem}.need-nav{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));margin-block:32px 40px}.need-nav a:nth-child(3){border-left:0;padding-left:0}.need-nav a:nth-child(n+3){border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.editorial-archive{display:block}.editorial-archive .archive-story{grid-template-columns:1fr 160px}.reading>h1,.reading>.lede,.reading>.byline,.reading>.eyebrow{margin-left:0}.reading>.topic-links,.reading .article-body,.reading>.related,.reading>.cta{margin-left:0}.reading{max-width:760px}.contents{float:none;position:static;max-height:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 24px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.contents nav{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:0 24px}.reading .editorial-hero img{max-height:320px}.author.reading{max-width:760px}}
@media(max-width:560px){body{font-size:17px}.masthead img{width:94px}.masthead,header nav{flex-wrap:nowrap}.masthead{gap:16px}.breadcrumb{padding:16px 0;font-size:.75rem}.collection-heading{padding:4px 0 24px;gap:14px}.collection-heading h1{font-size:2.3rem;max-width:17ch}.collection-heading .lede{font-size:.95rem}.feature-layout{display:block}.lead-story{display:block}.lead-story .story-title{font-size:1.95rem}.lead-story .story-meta{margin-top:16px}.lead-story .story-description{font-size:1rem}.secondary-story,.secondary-story+.secondary-story{margin-top:24px;padding:20px 0 0;min-height:130px}.secondary-story .story-title{font-size:1.35rem}.secondary-story .story-description{font-size:.95rem}.need-nav{margin-top:32px}.need-nav a{padding:18px 12px;gap:8px;font-size:.8rem}.need-nav strong{font-size:1rem}.archive-heading{gap:12px;align-items:start}.archive-heading h2{font-size:1.5rem}.archive-heading>span{font-size:.7rem;max-width:13ch;text-align:right}.search-control{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px}.search label{width:100%}.search input{flex:1;width:0}.search button{font-size:.8rem}.editorial-archive .archive-story{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 90px;gap:16px;padding-block:24px}.editorial-archive .story-title{font-size:1.3rem}.editorial-archive .story-description{font-size:1rem;grid-column:1/-1}.editorial-archive .has-image .story-copy{display:contents}.editorial-archive .has-image .story-meta{grid-column:1;grid-row:1}.editorial-archive .has-image .story-title{grid-column:1;grid-row:2;margin:0}.editorial-archive .story-media{grid-row:1/3}.editorial-archive .story-meta span{display:block}.story-image{aspect-ratio:3/2}.contents nav{grid-template-columns:1fr}.reading>h1{font-size:2.15rem;max-width:100%;margin-top:16px}.reading>.lede{font-size:1.08rem}.reading>.byline{font-size:.8rem}.reading .article-body h2{font-size:1.6rem}.reading .article-body h3{font-size:1.3rem}.reading .editorial-hero img{max-height:230px}.reading .editorial-hero{margin-bottom:28px}.reading .editorial-hero figcaption{font-size:1rem}.reading>.cta{padding:24px}.topic-links{line-height:1.7}.theme-directory{margin-top:40px}.reading>.eyebrow{margin-top:10px}}
/* V4: content-specific AST; relationships remain explicit on narrow screens. */
.reading .lede{overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.visual-v4{font-size:1rem;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.visual-v4>h3{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.v4-nodes{list-style:none!important;padding:0!important;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:0 24px}.v4-nodes li{padding:18px 0;border-top:2px solid #a42b24;margin:0!important;min-width:0}.v4-nodes strong{font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.4;display:block}.v4-nodes p{font-size:1rem;margin:10px 0 0}.v4-relations{list-style:none;padding:0!important;border-top:1px solid #cbc6bc}.v4-relations li{padding:8px 0;line-height:1.5}.v4-relations span{font-family:Mono,monospace;font-weight:600;color:#9c2923;margin-right:12px;white-space:nowrap}.v4-comparison section{border-top:2px solid #121417;padding:20px 0}.v4-comparison h4{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 16px}.v4-comparison dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:20px;margin:0}.v4-comparison dt{font-weight:600;color:#9c2923;margin-bottom:6px}.v4-comparison dd{margin:0}.v4-artifact{font:1rem/1.65 Mono,monospace;white-space:pre-wrap!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-break:break-word;background:#efede7;padding:20px;border-left:3px solid #a42b24;max-width:100%}.visual-v4 figcaption{font-size:1rem}@media(max-width:640px){.v4-nodes,.v4-comparison dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}.v4-nodes{gap:0}.v4-artifact{padding:16px 12px}}
/* V3: illustration carries no raster text; captions remain readable HTML. */
.editorial-hero{margin:32px 0 48px}.editorial-hero img{border:0;width:100%;height:auto}.editorial-hero figcaption{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;margin-top:16px;max-width:65ch}
.authority-boundary{margin:0}.authority-boundary>div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(140px,1fr) 3fr;gap:24px;padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid #cbc6bc}.authority-boundary dt{font-weight:600}.authority-boundary dd{margin:0}
.window-boundary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px}.window-boundary section+section{border-left:3px solid #a42b24;padding-left:20px}.content-visual h3{font-size:1.2rem;letter-spacing:-.02em;margin:0 0 12px}.content-visual section p{margin:0;font-size:1rem}
.payables-boundary{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px}.payables-boundary section{padding:16px 0;border-top:2px solid #121417}.payables-boundary section:nth-child(2){border-color:#a42b24}.payables-boundary section:last-child{grid-column:1/-1;border:2px solid #a42b24;padding:20px}
@media(max-width:640px){.authority-boundary>div{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:8px}.window-boundary,.payables-boundary{grid-template-columns:1fr}.window-boundary section+section{border-left:0;border-top:3px solid #a42b24;padding:20px 0 0}.payables-boundary section:last-child{grid-column:auto}}
/* V2: recompose content instead of shrinking text into bitmaps. */
.content-visual{border-block:1px solid #bcb6aa;padding-block:24px;margin-block:40px}
.content-visual .visual-label{font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;color:#a42b24;margin:0 0 20px}
.content-visual figcaption{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;margin-top:20px}
.content-visual img{border:0;max-width:720px;margin-inline:auto}
.content-visual details{margin-top:16px}.content-visual summary{cursor:pointer;min-height:44px;padding-block:10px}
.content-visual pre{white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-size:1rem}
.process-flow{list-style:none;counter-reset:flow;display:grid;gap:0;padding:0!important}
.process-flow li{counter-increment:flow;border-left:3px solid #a42b24;padding:0 0 24px 24px;margin:0!important;position:relative}
.process-flow li::before{content:counter(flow);position:absolute;left:-16px;top:0;background:#faf9f5;border:2px solid #a42b24;border-radius:50%;width:28px;height:28px;text-align:center;font-size:16px;line-height:24px}
.process-flow p{margin:8px 0 0}.process-flow strong{font-size:1.125rem}
.result-counts{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px;margin:0}
.result-counts dt{font-size:1rem}.result-counts dd{font-size:3rem;margin:0;font-weight:600;color:#a42b24}
@media(max-width:640px){
 .masthead,header nav{flex-wrap:wrap}
 .result-counts{grid-template-columns:1fr}.result-counts div{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid #cbc6bc}
 .article-body table{display:table;width:100%;min-width:0;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:1rem;overflow:visible}
 .article-body thead{position:absolute;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden}
 .article-body tbody,.article-body tr{display:block;width:100%}
 .article-body tr{margin-block:20px;border:1px solid #bcb6aa}
 .article-body td{display:block;width:100%;min-width:0;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d6d0c4;padding:12px;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
 .article-body td::before{content:attr(data-label);display:block;font-weight:600;font-size:1rem;color:#a42b24;margin-bottom:4px}
 .article-body td:last-child{border-bottom:0}
}